Osprey

The Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) is a large, striking bird of prey belonging to the family Pandionidae. It is easily recognized by its white underparts, dark brown upperparts, and a distinctive dark eye stripe that extends to the nape. With its long, narrow wings and a wingspan of up to 1.8 meters, the Osprey is a powerful and graceful flier. The BTO code for the Osprey is OP.

Ospreys are found near freshwater lakes, rivers, and coastal areas, where they hunt for fish, their primary food source. They are often seen hovering over the water before diving feet-first to catch prey with their sharp talons. Adaptations such as reversible outer toes and spiny foot pads help them grip slippery fish.

Ospreys breed in the UK from late March to September, primarily in Scotland, with smaller populations in England and Wales. They build large nests, called eyries, in the tops of tall trees, cliffs, or artificial platforms. The nests are constructed from sticks and lined with softer materials such as moss and grass. Clutches usually consist of 2-3 white eggs with reddish-brown markings, incubated by both parents for 35-42 days. Chicks fledge after 50-55 days and remain dependent on the adults for several weeks before migrating south.

The UK Osprey population has recovered significantly after becoming extinct as a breeding species in the early 20th century due to persecution and egg collecting. Reintroduction programs and legal protection have led to a current population of around 300 breeding pairs. Ospreys are migratory, spending the winter in West Africa before returning to the UK to breed. The Osprey is listed as Amber on the Birds of Conservation Concern (BoCC) 5 due to its small but increasing population. It is protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and is also listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, affording it a high level of legal protection. Despite conservation success, threats remain, including habitat loss, disturbance at nesting sites, and climate change, which affects migratory patterns and prey availability.

Conservation efforts for Ospreys focus on protecting nesting sites and maintaining suitable habitats for hunting and breeding. Artificial nesting platforms have been instrumental in aiding their recovery, particularly in areas lacking natural nest sites. Public engagement and education, combined with measures to prevent illegal disturbance and persecution, have also contributed to their success. Protecting wetlands and promoting international cooperation along migratory routes are essential for the long-term survival of this iconic bird of prey.