White-tailed Eagle

The White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is the UK’s largest bird of prey and a member of the Accipitridae family. Known as the "sea eagle," it is a striking species with a wingspan of up to 2.5 meters, making it one of the most impressive sights in the natural world. Adults are unmistakable, with a pale head and neck, a powerful yellow beak, and a contrasting white tail. Juveniles, however, are dark brown with no white tail and take up to five years to attain adult plumage. Its BTO code is WE.

Juvenile White-tailed eagle being mobbed by crows and rooks

White-tailed Eagles are typically found in coastal areas, estuaries, and large freshwater habitats where they hunt for fish, waterfowl, and carrion. In the UK, they are most commonly associated with the Scottish Highlands and Islands but are increasingly being seen in parts of England following successful reintroduction projects. Their broad habitat range includes rugged coasts, woodlands, and wetlands, where they require tall trees or cliffs for nesting and hunting. These photos were taken on the Exe Estuary in Devon. 

Juvenile White-tailed eagle in flight

Nesting occurs between March and July, with pairs building enormous stick nests known as eyries, often reused and added to annually. These nests are typically located in tall trees or on cliffs. The clutch usually consists of 1-3 eggs, which are incubated for about 38-40 days. Chicks fledge around 10-12 weeks later but remain dependent on their parents for several weeks post-fledging.

Juvenile White-tailed eagle in tree with crows and rooks

The UK population of White-tailed Eagles has seen a remarkable recovery since their extinction in the early 20th century due to persecution. Reintroduction efforts began in Scotland in the 1970s, with additional releases in England more recently. As of 2025, the UK population is estimated at around 150 breeding pairs, with numbers steadily increasing due to continued conservation efforts and natural population growth.

Juvenile White-tailed eagle being mobbed by crows and rooks

Despite this success, White-tailed Eagles still face threats, including illegal persecution, habitat loss, and potential conflicts with land use such as farming. They are also vulnerable to poisoning and disturbances, particularly during the breeding season. As a result, they are listed as Amber on the Birds of Conservation Concern (BoCC) 5.

Juvenile White-tailed eagle in flight

To support their continued recovery, it is vital to maintain and restore their natural habitats, including protecting coastlines, wetlands, and woodlands. Public awareness campaigns have helped reduce persecution, but vigilance is still necessary to ensure their safety. White-tailed eagles are a Schedule 1 species, therefore protecting nests and minimizing disturbances during the breeding season are legal requirements under UK law.

Juvenile White-tailed Eagle in flight with satellite tag showing

White-tailed Eagles are a flagship species for conservation, benefiting not only their own population but also a wide range of other species and ecosystems. Their presence symbolizes the importance of ongoing efforts to preserve and restore the UK's natural heritage.