Kestrel

The Kestrel Falco tinnunculus is a medium-sized falcon belonging to the falcon family (Falconidae). It is easily recognized by its slender body, long wings, and distinct hovering flight. Males and females have different plumages: males have a rusty brown back with black spots, a slate-grey head and tail, and a black tail band, while females are brown all over with dark barring and a buff-colored face. The BTO code for the Kestrel is K.

Kestrels are found in a variety of open habitats, including farmland, grasslands, heathlands, and even urban areas. They are highly adaptable and are often seen hovering in the air as they scan the ground for prey. Kestrels primarily feed on small mammals, particularly voles, but their diet also includes small birds, insects, and reptiles.

Kestrels breed from April to July. They do not build their own nests but instead use ledges, tree holes, or old nests built by other birds, such as crows. Clutches usually consist of 4-5 eggs, which are incubated by the female for 27-29 days while the male provides food. Once hatched, the chicks are fed by both parents and fledge after 28-32 days. A pair may occasionally raise a second brood in a good year, but this is less common.

The Kestrel population in the UK is estimated to be around 31,000–36,000 breeding pairs. While they are one of the most widespread raptors, their population has declined significantly in recent decades due to changes in land use, loss of prey species, and other environmental pressures. Kestrels are sensitive to habitat loss, agricultural intensification, and the reduction of suitable foraging areas.

The Kestrel is listed as Amber on the Birds of Conservation Concern (BoCC) 5 due to its population decline and range contraction. Although it is not a Schedule 1 species, the Kestrel is legally protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, making it illegal to intentionally harm or disturb them or their nests. Conservation efforts for Kestrels focus on maintaining and restoring open habitats, improving prey availability, and providing nest boxes in suitable areas to support breeding pairs.

Efforts to manage farmland sustainably, preserve grasslands, and reduce the use of pesticides that affect small mammal populations are essential for maintaining healthy Kestrel numbers. Raising public awareness about the importance of conserving open habitats and avoiding disturbance during the breeding season is also crucial. Protecting natural and semi-natural landscapes benefits Kestrels and other species that rely on similar habitats.